Oedipus Rex Innocence vs Guilt free essay sample

A sentiment of regret emerging from a genuine or envisioned commission of an offense It is dvantageous if an individual has full information. Having that full information can be helpful to him/her from numerous points of view. One can utilize it to support his/her own self and others at whatever point issues are experienced. He/she can devise approaches to tackle whatever issues he/she or others may confront. He/she can think of the best answers for the contentions since he/she definitely know the circumstances and end results, outcomes and aftereffects of every issue and arrangement. In any case, what is better in having full information is that an individual can discover approaches to keep away from he issue; Just like in the wellbeing banners, Prevention is superior to fix. What's more, if an individual can't maintain a strategic distance from it, in any event he can be set up for it. Hence, he/she don't have to encounter more agony and sufferings that the issue may bring. We will compose a custom paper test on Oedipus Rex: Innocence versus Guilt or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another ramifications of full information is that one can pick up regard and confidence. Numerous individuals will look profoundly on him/her in view of that full information. They will regard him/her since he/she is an image of truth and information. Choragos: This is Teiresias, this is the blessed prophet In whom, alone everything being equal, truth was born(Fitts and Fitzgerald: 485). Likewise, individuals will think about him/her as an extraordinary individual, which may build a people confidence. Also, along these lines, there is an inclination that others will make him/her pioneer or leader of the gathering or society. Furthermore, if not a pioneer, he/she may be viewed as their guide in their lives. In any case, beside every one of those focal points of full information, it has likewise its weakness. Having full information can be irksome, as well. To start with, it is on the grounds that it may influence a people relationship with others. A few people, on the off chance that they realize that he has full information, probably won't approach him since they are apprehensive. They feel that since he knows all, solitary their off-base doings and considerations are the one to be seen and therefore, they will be taunted or mocked by him. Additionally, individuals will be terrified to confront him in view of his insight about others lives, and on the off chance that they plan something horrendous for him, he may walk out on them. Besides, it is inconvenient on the grounds that there are realities and circumstances that are difficult to acknowledge. In the event that he can't acknowledge it, there will be a few propensities that he will get crazy, or most exceedingly terrible, end his own life. In any case, regardless of whether the reality/circumstance is as of now acknowledged, nother issue despite everything stimulate, and that is when others needed to catch wind of it. It is difficult to talk about what he knows since it might hurt others. Teiresias: How But caused myself to overlook. I ought not have come. (Fitts and Fitzgerald: 505). Having just incomplete information has its own risk. In the event that lone incomplete information is controlled by an individual, he may commit an error or do unseemly activities. The presumptions he makes about an individual or a circumstance may not be right, which may prompt another, more noteworthy issue. Rather than having the option to tackle the contention, it just become most noticeably terrible on the grounds that the entire detail was absent. Another peril of fractional information is that the individuals will make some hard memories tackling the contention they are confronting. Also, as a result of it, their sufferings will be drawn out. Choragos: The King was said to have been slaughtered by a robbers Oedipus: I know But we have no witnesses(Fitts and Fitzgerald: 485) One of the issues of Oedipus was that he knew his genuine cause. The announcement Know thyself is noteworthy provided that Oedipus completely know himself, the wrongdoings he had submitted may be kept from occurring. Having known his own self, obviously, incorporate his genuine root. It is on the grounds that his beginning was of his personality. Yet, since he didn't attempt to find progressively about himself, the parricide and inbreeding occurred. In the first place, Oedipus doesn't look at all of what he has done in his life up until this point. He just realized what great he has never really individuals around him, and that made him excessively glad. What's more, due to this he didn't interest to gain more data about his life. One can not fill a cup that is as of now full. Oedipus is a heartbreaking character, and yet, a lamentable one. He is a lamentable in light of the fact that he endured so much particularly when he discovered that he is the killer hom he looks for. He has insight, influence and riches but since of the wrongdoing, every last bit of it went to squander. In any case, Oedipus is likewise lamentable in light of the fact that he endeavor to get away from Corinth to maintain a strategic distance from the prediction, yet he wound up satisfying the prescience. It is on the grounds that he didn't initially affirm if the mother and father that were in the prediction were Polybos and Merope of Corinth; and he didn't discover confirmations that they were his genuine guardians. On the off chance that he discover confirmations, at that point there is a likelihood that his life would not prompt what the prediction prognosticated. Hes pitiable in light of the fact that he turned into a survivor (of the ncidents that stumbled upon him), he could just do however to respond. Oedipus became animated on account of Laios and Jocaste, yet had been wished likewise by them to be pulverized that in the earliest reference point, Oedipus has not been given a decision. 3. Truly, Oedipus is ethically and legitimately blameworthy of his wrongdoings he has submitted the activity. What's more, parricide and interbreeding is against the virtues and law of the general public. His obliviousness of data/information legitimizes his wrongdoings. Oedipus ought to have attempted to find increasingly about him. He ought to have search for confirmations that Justify that he was he child of Polybos and Merope, particularly when he heard what the inebriated man have said about him. Oedipus: At a blowout, a tanked man maundering in his cups Cries out that I am not my dads child! (Fitts and Fitzgerald: 498) After he heard that, got some information about it and discovered that it was an untruth, he should be ameliorated and felt quiet as of now. Yet, an abnormal inclination was still in his psyche, directly from that point and there, he ought to have look for confirmations about the announcements of the alcoholic man and his folks. Oedipus: yet the doubt remained continually hurting in my psyche. I knew here was discussion; I was unable to rest (Fitts and Fitzgerald: 499) He ought to be the one to Delphi, since he was excused, he ought to be increasingly resolved to discover reality with regards to his inception. Be that as it may, since he didn't do promote examinations, despite the fact that he has doubts, he wound up carrying out the violations. On his way to another Journey, however he has an explanation, it is as yet not honest to kill a man and his gatekeepers Just to guarantee an option to proceed. What is the estimation of that street contrasted with the lives of men? Sensible or not, individuals chooses for themselves in this manner individuals have options and decisions are trailed by obligations.

Expressing Your Emotions in Your Essay Topics

Expressing Your Emotions in Your Essay TopicsIt is never easy to pick out the perfect topic for your expressive essay. As it takes time and effort to research your topic, and there is also the time factor involved when writing a good essay.There are many writers who are aware of what the different essay topics are. Some even write about each topic at least once before they submit their essay. However, for the rest of us, we have to be a little more adventurous when it comes to choosing our topic.There are a wide variety of subject areas that you can choose from. Some of the topics include but are not limited to, the following:Race - There are very many essays that deal with the issue of race. For example, I have seen essays that focus on the American Slavery. Those that do not talk about the slavery in America generally do not discuss the realities of slavery that existed thousands of years ago.Classism - This is another of the essay topics that you can choose from. You can even writ e a number of them and compare the progress of inequality. There are many subjects that you can discuss regarding the classes and inequality.Family Issues - You can also write about the problems that exist within a family. The family can be an avenue that you can use to address some issues that you may be facing. Those who write on these topics often come across as very confident and articulate in the way they write about the issues.Ethics - Some argue that there is a fundamental difference between ethics and morals, and this difference is usually based on the person's perception of morality. However, there are other subjects that you can write about, such as economics.Expressiveness - There are many ways that you can express your emotions and ideas. However, one of the best ways to express yourself is through your writing. That is why expressive essay topics are so popular.

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Education Educational Educating Essays

Showing Philosophy Statement At the point when I came to State College, I bantered on a significant, attempting to discover a vocation that would be fulfilling for an amazing remainder, or possibly until retirement. I frequently thought about whether I could ever discover a vocation wherein I could coordinate the entirety of my vitality. After much considering, I concluded that instruction is the correct way for me. I currently find that in addition to the fact that I want to apply the entirety of my vitality, yet in addition my enthusiasm toward aiding and instructing kids. Instruction is a significant piece of the present society. Instructing is a method of making society a superior spot for the present age and our kids. Educating may not appear to be a significant profession to certain individuals, however when I recall my very own portion educators, I understand what a significant job that they played in my life. Indeed, even today, in school, a large number of these Professors will never know the effect they have made on my life. Numerous individuals want to be an instructor from the time that they are kids. They play school with kin and pretending drives them to a vocation. My profession decision was very extraordinary. I had never viewed as a profession in instruction in light of all the terrible things that you hear that they need to experience, and how little they got paid for it. Presently I accept that realizing that you have affected one youngster's life; that makes you increasingly rich that the entirety of the cash on the planet. This was my perspective until my sophomore year of secondary school. I had English Honors with Coach McCall, a genuine motivation. Abruptly, I wound up in incredible expectation of class and longing for more information. It wasn't until I had Coach McCall again my senior year that I concluded that I needed to spur individuals the way that he did. I needed to see their eyes light up when they have arrived at a specific degree of appreciation. More than anything, I needed to motivate children to learn. It was that year that I understood that the prize for instructing is a lot more noteworthy than cash.

Risk Management Practices Of Commercial Banks In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT The agreement on international banking regulations dealing with how the banks handle the risk, the Basel Accord mainly focuses on the credit risk; according the Basel accord the bank assets divided into five main categories according to how they are risky. The five main categories are as (1) is assets without risk means 0% risk weighted, second one is 10% risk weighted, 3rd is 20% weighted, 4th is 50% weighted and last one is 100% weighted. When the banks perform international transactions they are required according the Basel Accord to hold assets minimum 8% aggregated risk according the Basel 1. The Basel 1 was written in 1988 by the Basel committee on banking supervision. All Banks of G-10 countries have try to implement this accord since the early 1990s. Now a days it is considered largely outdated and Basel committee working on Basel 1 to changing process in the shape of Basel II. This is also called Basel I accord. The document Basel I Capital Accord mainly designs to evaluate the capital in relation with the credit risk, and also the risk that can be a cause of losses in which the risk will occur if the party fail or unable to fulfill the obligations. It is mainly focus on the risk increasing modeling research process that is improvement toward the risk increasing research mode; however, it is over simplified calculations, and also classifications that have been simultaneously called for its disappearance, but the improvement in the shape of the Basel II Capital Accord and also other further agreements that are the sign for the continuously refinement for the risk and c apital in the banking sector. Nevertheless, the document Basel I accords, will remain the first international instrument that evaluate the importance of risk with the relationship to capital, and also will remain as a milestone in the banking sector like finance and banking history. This study is mainly related to the risk management practices being followed by the commercial Banks in Pakistan. The questionnaire is used as a main tool to collect primary data and check the extent to which the risk management practices are being carried upon by the commercial banks in Pakistan. The six important aspects of risk management process are categorized as one dependent and five explanatory variables. This study aims to investigate the awareness about risk management practices within the banking sector of Pakistan. This study is comprised of data collected through both, primary as well as secondary sources. The purpose of using primary source data is to check the extent to which different risk management practices have been followed by the commercial banks in Pakistan. Primary data is collected through the use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises a number of statements under one macro statement. It includes Risk Management Practices (RMP) as the dependent variable, and different aspects of risk management as the independent or explanatory variables. Whereas, the objective to use secondary data is to link the risk weighted Capital Adequacy Ratio to the different financial indicators of the commercial banks that are used to measure their soundness. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Risk management practices by the Commercial Banks Within the last few years, a number of studies have provided the discipline into the practice of risk management within the corporate and banking sector. An insight of related studies is as follows: Amran, et al. (2009), this article mention the possible availability of risk exposÃÆ' © in the annual reports of the Malaysian companies. The study was aimed to empirically test the characteristics of the sampled companies. And also the level of risk faced by Malaysian companies with the disclosure made was also assessed and compared. The findings of the research revealed that the strategic risk came on the top, followed by the operations and empowerment risks being disclosed by the selected companies. The regression analysis proved significantly that size of the companies did matter. The stakeholder theory explains well this finding by stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“As company grows bigger, it will have a large pool of stakeholders, who would be interested in knowing the affairs of the company.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The extent of risk disclosure was also found to be influenced by the nature of industry. As explored within this study, infrastructure and technology industries influenced the companies to have more risk information disclosed. Hassan, A. (2009), made a study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Risk Management Practices of Islamic Banks of Brunei Darussalamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to assess the degree to which the Islamic banks in Brunei Darussalam implemented risk management practices and carried them out thoroughly by using different techniques to deal with various kinds of risks. The results of the study showed that, like the conventional banking system, Islamic banking was also subjected to a variety of risks due to the unique range of offered products in addition to conventional products. The results showed that there was a remarkable understanding of risk and risk management by the staff working in the Islamic Banks of Brunei Darussalam, which showed their ability to pave their wa y towards successful risk management. The major risks that were faced by Brunei banks that was the Foreign exchange risk as well as credit risk and also operating risk. For the analysis regression model was used to explain the results which shown that the Risk Identification, or Risk Assessment and Analysis were also the most uncontrollable variables and the Islamic banks in Brunei needed to give more attention to those variables to make their Risk Management Practices more effective by understanding the true application of Basel-II Accord to improve the efficiency of Islamic Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk management systems. Al-Tamimi (2008) studied the relationship among the readiness of implementing Basel II Accord and resources needed for its implementation in UAE banks. Results of the research revealed that the banks in UAE were aware of the benefits, impact and challenges associated in the implementation of Basel II Accord. However, the research did not confirm any positive r elationship between UAE banks readiness for the implementation of Basel II and impact of the implementation. The relationship between readiness and anticipated cost of implementation was also not confirmed. No significant difference was found in the level of Basel II Accordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preparation between the UAE national and foreign banks. It was concluded that there was a significant difference in the level of the UAE banks Basel II based on employees education level. The results supported the importance of education level needed for the implementation of Basel II Accord. Al-Tamimi and Al- Mazrooei (2007) provide the comprehensive study relating of Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Risk Management of UAE National and Foreign Banks. The outcome of this research is to find out that there are three most important types of risks facing the UAE commercial banks that were foreign exchange risk, 2nd one followed by credit risk and 3rd one is operating risk. And the result also found that the bank of UAE were also efficiently handle the risk; but the variables like as the risk identification, risk assessment and also analysis proved that the banks are more efficient in risk management process. Finally, the outcome of the result showed that there was a huge difference if we compare the UAE National banks and foreign Banks in the practicing the risk assessment and risk analysis as well as risk monitoring and risk controlling process. Koziol and Lawrenz (2008) provided a study in which they assessed the risk of bank failures. They said that assessing the risk related to bank failures is the paramount concern of bank regulations. They argued that in order to assess the default risk of a bank, it is important considering its financing decisions as an endogenous dynamic process. The research study provided a continuous-time model, where banks chose the deposit volume in order to trade off the benefits of earning deposit premiums against the costs that would occur at fu ture capital structure adjustments. Major findings suggested that the dynamic endogenous financing decision introduced an important self-regulation mechanism. Basel Core Principles and Bank Risk: Does Compliance Matter? The recent financial crisis has sparked widespread calls for reforms of regulation and supervision. The initial reaction to the crisis was one of disbelief: how could such extensive financial distress emerge in countries where the supervision of financial risk had been thought to be the best in the world? Indeed, the regulatory standards and protocols of the advanced countries at the center of the financial storm were being emulated worldwide through the progressive adoption of the international Basel capital standards and the Basel Core Principles for Effective Bank Supervision (BCPs). The crisis exposed significant weaknesses in the financial system regulatory and supervisory framework worldwide, and has spawned a growing debate about the role these weaknesses may have played in causing and propagating the crisis. As a result, reform of regulation and supervision is a top priority for policymakers, and many countries are working to upgrade their frameworks. But what should the reforms focus on? What constitutes good regulation and supervision? Which elements are most important for ensuring bank soundness? What should be the scope of regulation? To date, the best practices in supervision and regulation have been embodied by the BCPs. These principles were issued in 1997 by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, comprising representatives from bank supervisory agencies from advanced countries. Since then, most countries in the world have stated their intent to adopt and comply with the BCPs, making them a global standard for bank regulators. Importantly, since 1999, the IMF and the World Bank have conducted evaluations of countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ compliance with these principles, mainly within their joint Financial Sector Assessment program (FSAP). The assessments are conducted according to a standardized methodology developed by the Basel Committee and therefore provide a unique source of information about the quality of supervision and regulation around the world. Hence the international community has made significant investments in developing these principles, encouraging their wide-spread adoption, and assessing progress with their compliance. In light of the recent crisis and the resulting skepticism about the effectiveness of existing approaches to regulation and supervision, it is natural to ask if compliance with the global standard of good regulation is associated with bank soundness. Specifically, they test whether better compliance with BCPs is associated with safer banks. They also look at whether compliance with different elements of the BCP framework is more closely associated with bank soundness to identify if there are specific areas which would help prioritize reform efforts to improve supervision. The paper extends their previous work (DemirgÃÆ' ¼ÃƒÆ' §-Kunt, Detragiache and Tressel, 2008: henceforth DDT), in which they showed that banks receive more favorable financial strength ratings from Mo odyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in countries with better compliance with BCPs related to information provision, while compliance with other principles does not affect ratings significantly. The policy message from this study was that countries should give priority to strengthening regulation and regulation in the area of information provision (both to the market and to supervisors) relative to other areas covered by the core principles. Using rating information to proxy bank risk significantly limited the sample size in that study, making it necessary to exclude many smaller banks and many banks from lower income countries. Furthermore, after the recent crisis, the credibility of credit ratings as indicators of bank risk has also diminished, questioning the merit of using these ratings in the analysis. In this paper, they explore whether BCP compliance affects bank soundness, but instead of using ratings they capture bank soundness using the Z-score, which is the number of standard deviat ions by which bank returns have to fall to wipe out bank equity (Boyd and Runkle, 1993). Because they can construct Z-scores using just accounting information, and because assessment data for additional countries have also become available, they can extend the sample size considerably relative to our earlier study, to over 3,000 banks from 86 countries (compared to 200 banks from 37 countries analyzed in DDT). This is not just a simple increase in sample size: the sample of rated banks was not a representative sample, because rated banks tend to be larger, more internationally active, and more likely to adhere to international accounting standards. From a policy point of view, they would like to investigate the effect of BCP compliance on all types of banks operating in different country circumstances, rather than a select subgroup. In this study, the richer sample allows us to explore whether the relationship between BCPs and bank soundness varies across different types of banks. All in all, they do not find support for the hypothesis that better compliance with BCPs results in sounder banks as measured by Z-scores. This result holds after controlling for the macroeconomic environment, institutional quality, and bank characteristics. They also fail to find a significant relationship when they consider different samples, such a sample of rated banks only, a sample including only commercial banks, and samples including only the largest financial institutions. In an additional test, they calculate aggregate Z-scores at the country level to try to capture the stability of the system as a while rather than that of individual banks, but also this measure of soundness is not significantly related to overall BCP compliance. When they explore the relationship between soundness and compliance with specific groups of principles, which refer to separate areas of prudential supervision and regulation, they continue to find no evidence that good compliance is related to improved soundness. If anything, they find that stronger compliance with principles related to the power of supervisors to license banks and regulate market structure are associated with riskier banks. While these results cast doubts on whether international efforts to improve financial regulation and supervision should continue to place a strong emphasis on BCPs, a number of caveats are in order. First, insignificant results may simply indicate that accounting-based measures, such as Zscores, do not adequately capture bank soundness, especially for small banks and in low income countries, where accounting standards tend to be poor. They may also reflect low quality in the assessment of BCP compliance, especially in countries where laws and regulations on the books may carry little weight. It might be also argued that assessments are not comparable across countries, despite the best efforts of expert supervisors and internal reviewing teams at the IMF and the World Bank to ensur e a uniform methodology and uniform standards. If their negative results arise because compliance assessments do not reflect reality or are not comparable across countries, then at a minimum they should lead us to question the value of these assessments in ensuring that supervision measures up to global standards. Review of related literature of this paper is as follows: Defining good regulatory and supervisory practices is a difficult and complicated task. Barth, Caprio, and Levine (2001, 2004, and 2006) were the first to compile and analyze an extensive database on banking sector laws and regulations using various surveys of regulators around the world, and to study the relationship between alternative regulatory strategies and outcomes. This research finds that regulatory approaches that facilitate private sector monitoring of banks (such as disclosure of reliable, comprehensive and timely information) and strengthen incentives for greater market monitoring (for example by limiting deposit insurance) improve bank performance and stability. In contrast, boosting official supervisory oversight and disciplinary powers and tightening capital standards does not lead to banking sector development, nor does it improve bank efficiency, reduce corruption in lending, or lower banking system fragility. They interpret their findings as a challenge to the Basel Committeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influential approach to bank regulation which heavily emphasizes capital and official supervision. An important limitation of this type of survey is that it mainly captures rules and regulations that are on the books rather than actual implementation. IMF and the World Bank financial sector assessments have often found implementation to be lacking, particularly in low income countries, so that cross-country comparisons of what is on the books may hide substantial variation in the quality of supervision and regulation. BCP assessments have the advantage of taking into account imp lementation. Of course, assessing how rules and regulations are implemented and enforced in practice is not an exact science, and individual assessments may be influenced by factors such as the assessorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ experience and the regulatory culture they are most familiar with. Nevertheless, although it is difficult to eliminate subjectivity completely, assessments are based on a standardized methodology and are carried out by experienced international assessors with broad country experience. Cihak and Tieman (2008) analyze the quality of financial sector regulation and supervision using both Barth, Caprio and Levineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s survey data and BCP assessments. They find that regulation and supervision in high-income countries is generally of higher quality than in lower income countries. They also note that the correlation between survey data and BCP data tend to be low, always less than 50 percent and in many cases in the 20-30 percent range, suggesting that ta king into account implementation may indeed make an important difference. A number of papers also use BCP assessments to study bank regulation and performance. Sundararajan, Marston, and Basu (2001) use a sample of 25 countries to examine the relationship between an overall index of BCP compliance and two indicators of bank soundness: nonperforming loans (NPLs) and loan spreads. They find BCP compliance not to be a significant determinant of these measures of soundness. Podpiera (2004) extends the set of countries and finds that better BCP compliance lowers NPLs. Das et al. (2005) relates bank soundness to a broader concept of regulatory governance, which encompasses compliance with the BCPs as well as compliance with standards and codes for monetary and financial policies. Better regulatory governance is found to be associated with sounder banks, particularly in countries with better institutions. In this paper, as already discussed they rely on the Z-score to measure bank sound ness. While the Z-score has its limitations, they believe it is an improvement over measures used in previous studies, namely NPLs, loan spreads, interest margins, and capital adequacy. Because different countries have different reporting rules, NPLs are notoriously difficult to compare across countries. On the other hand, loan spreads or interest margins and capitalization are affected by a variety of forces other than fragility, such as market structure, differences in risk-free interest rates and operating costs, and varying capital regulation. Thus, cross-country comparability is a serious issue. In contrast with ratings, Z-scores do not rely on the subjective judgment of rating agenciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysts. Results from the baseline regression, relating bank soundness measured by the Z-score to the degree of compliance with the BCPs. In the sample including all countries, the Zscore is higher, indicating a sounder bank, for banks with lower operating costs in countrie s with higher GDP per capita. Also, non-commercial banks tend to have higher Z-scores, while the other control variables are not significant. The coefficient of the BCP compliance index is positive but not significant. If they exclude Japanese banks, which account for over 20 percent of the sample, the fit of the model improves markedly (the R-squared increases from 10 percent to 19 percent) and the coefficients of many regressors change substantially.12 This suggests that the variables explaining the Z-score of Japanese banks may be somewhat different than for the rest of the sample, perhaps because of the lingering effects of Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prolonged banking crisis on bank balance sheets. For example, in the sample excluding Japan inflation and the rule of law index are significant (with the expected coefficients), while GDP per capita is not (though the coefficient remains positive). Also, banks with a higher ratio of net loans to assets have higher Z-scores, perh aps because Basel regulation mandating minimum levels of risk-adjustment capital forces these banks to hold more equity. Also, in the sample excluding Japan larger banks have lower Z-scores, likely because they tend to hold less capital than smaller banks. Despite these differences, the coefficient of the BCP compliance index remains insignificantly different from zero also in the sample without Japanese banks. The same is true when they add to the regression additional macro controls, such as exchange rate appreciation, private credit, or the sovereign rating. In the regressions, they explore how the relationship between BCP compliance and bank soundness changes if they alter the sample composition to include various categories of financial institutions to explore whether BCP compliance may affect soundness for alternative types of banks. All these results refer to the sample excluding Japan, so that the overrepresentation of Japanese banks does not distort the results. The first e xercise is to examine the widest sample possible, i.e. one that includes investment banks/securities houses, medium and long-term credit banks, nonbank credit institutions, and specialized government credit institutions. These are institutions that in most countries are unlikely to fall under the perimeter of bank regulation and supervision, so they have excluded them from the baseline sample. When they include them, the sample size grows by 25 percent, but the main regression results are unchanged. In particular, bank soundness is not significantly affected by compliance with the BCPs. If they restrict the sample to commercial banks only, thereby losing about 300 banks compared to the baseline sample, once again they find that regression results remain very close to the baseline. When they focus only on banks rated by Moodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, as in our earlier work, the sample shrinks considerably (to just over 300 banks), and the coefficient of the BCP compliance index becomes positive and significant, albeit only at the 10 percent confidence level. Thus, BCP compliance seems to have some positive effect on the soundness of this specific group of banks. To explore this issue further, they ask whether this result is driven by the fact that rated banks are larger banks. To do so, they consider two alternative samples: the first includes the largest 10 percent of banks within each country and the second includes the largest 20 percent of banks in the entire sample. In both cases, the BCP compliance index has an insignificant coefficient, as in the baseline sample. The BCP compliance index is the weighted sum of compliance scores for several individual chapters of the Core Principles. Could it be that, even though overall compliance does not seem to matter for bank soundness, some aspects of the Core Principles might be relevant? In fact, it may be possible that the overall index is not significant because of offsetting effects of its different components . In fact, in our previous study of Moodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ratings, they found that, although overall compliance did not seem to matter, higher financial strength ratings were associated with better compliance with principles related to information provision to supervisors. They address this question by re-running the baseline regressions breaking down the compliance index into seven components, based on the standard grouping of principles used by the Basel Committee. An important caveat is that compliance scores are fairly strongly correlated, which may make it difficult to disentangle the effect of one set of principles from the others. They replicate the regression for different samples of banks to investigate the robustness of the results. There is only one component of the compliance index that has a fairly robust relationship with bank Z-scores, and that is compliance with Chapter 2 of the BCP, i.e. principles having to do with supervisorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ powers to regu late bank licensing and structure. Interestingly, this component of the index is negatively correlated with bank soundness, so that banks in countries were regulators have better defined powers to give out licenses and regulate bank activities tend to be riskier. This result holds in all the samples except those including only the largest banks. This finding supports the contention that supervisory systems that tend to empower supervisors do not work well (Barth, Caprio, and Levine, 2001, 2004, 2006). So far, they have considered individual bank risk. In principle, bank supervision and regulation should be primarily concerned with systemic risk, rather than individual bank risk, although in practice it is not always easy to make this distinction. Could it be that BCP compliance, while not relevant to individual bank soundness, is important to ensure the stability of system as a whole? To address this question, it would be ideal to test whether BCP compliance reduces the probabili ty of a financial crisis. However, since crises are rare events, this type of test requires a panel of data; since they have BCP compliance assessments only at a point in time, they are restricted to cross-sectional data. Nonetheless, to explore this question they compute a rough measure of systemic soundness as the aggregate equivalent of the individual bank Z-score. More specifically, they aggregate profits and equity of all the banks in the country (for which they have data), they compute the standard deviation of aggregate profits, and then they compute an aggregate Z-score. This measure tells us by how many standard deviations banking system profits must fall to exhaust all the capital in the banking system. They then regress this measure on the BCP compliance score and a number of macroeconomic control variables. Their measure of systemic soundness is correlated with the macro variables as one might expect: higher growth, low inflation, low inflation volatility, appreciatio n of the currency, favorable sovereign ratings are all significantly associated with higher values of the aggregate Z-score. Once again, though, the BCP compliance index does not seem to be a significant determinant of banking system soundness. Though it is positive, the coefficient of the BCP index is small and not statistically significant in any specification. Remarks While the causes and consequences of the recent financial crisis will continue to be debated for years to come, there is emerging consensus that the crisis has revealed significant weaknesses in the regulatory and supervisory system. Resulting calls for reform have led to numerous proposals and policymakers in many countries are hard at work to upgrade their regulatory frameworks. This paper seeks to inform the on-going reform process by providing an analysis of how existing regulations and their application are associated with bank soundness. Specifically, they study whether compliance with Basel Core Principles for effective banking supervision (BCPs) is associated with lower bank risk, as measured Z-scores. They find no evidence of a robust statistical relationship linking better compliance with BCPs and improved bank soundness. The analysis of aggregate Z-scores to capture systemic stability issues yields similarly insignificant results. If anything, they find that compliance w ith a specific group of principles, those giving supervisors powers to regulate bank licensing and structure is associated with riskier banks, potentially suggesting that such powers may be misused in practice. While our results may reflect the difficulty of capturing bank risk using accounting measures, or the inability of assessors to carry out evaluations that are comparable across countries, nevertheless they raise questions about the relevance of the Basel Core Principles, the current emphasis on these principles as key to effective supervision, and the wisdom of carrying out costly periodic compliance reviews of BCP implementation in the IMF/World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Programs.

Explain and discuss Sociology concepts - 755 Words

Astride Victor Sociology 101 Prof. Michael Fraser December 6, 2012 Explain and discuss Sociology concepts. State assumptions and provide examples from the articles to support and strengthen your point of view. Offer your opinion. Write references correctly using the ASA format. c) Ten other sociological concepts (five from each article) Symbol: Is anything a sound, a gesture, an image, an object that represents something else. Refer to the article, the 12 year old Autumn lost her life for nothing after a short communication on face book with the young guy for her own bike for example: The story was on TV (news) they said their mother said â€Å"She saw something in one of their face book posting and she called the†¦show more content†¦But it’s depended on what kind of movies did he watch when his parents not home? Specially action movies. How long did he stay on TV or computer? what kind of friend did he have? How his family interacted with him? At that age this is ridiculous. Baxter and Queally (2012) reported that Autumn body was found in a recycling garbage container next door to teenager’s home. References: Croteau, David amp; Hoynes, William. 2013. Experience Sociology. New York: Mc Craw- Hill. WWW.N.J. com / News/ index. SSF/2012 /10 face book conversation between.ht ml WWW.N.J.com/politics/ index.SSF/2012/11/FBI agents raid Union CityShow MoreRelatedIs There A Sociology Of Love?1046 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Can There Be A Sociology Of Love? The word love has different meanings depending on what context it is used in, sometimes it means having deep affection towards someone or something, love for but here I am going to try and answer the question, â€Å"Is there a sociology of love?†. In my essay I am going to discuss a sociology of love referring to the article of the study conducted by Gabb and Fink, in which they use multiple research methods relationships behaviours and personal lives. They haveRead MoreDualism of Human Nature Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesDurkheim also uses The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (EFRL) to discuss the religious aspect of the body and soul. Upon reading, it is discovered that as society evolves, so does this â€Å"dual nature.† In DHN, Durkheim argues that sociology must examine what an individual consists of because it is a result of the whole society. It is this society which determines an individuals’ temperament or being. â€Å"Although sociology is defined as the science of societies, it cannot, in reality, deal withRead MoreSociology : Social Science And Sociology1386 Words   |  6 Pagesto the history of sociology, it was the nineteenth century that sociology emerged, with the word ‘ sociology ’ appeared in the Cours de philosophie Positive Book 4[ Auguste Comte,1838 Cours de philosophie Positive] by Comte in 1838. The social forces, however, were complicated actually, which included both social, economical, cultural and even a little bit of political or religious elements. This essay explains these factors in the following part. 2.1 Social Science and Sociology The philosophesRead MoreSociological Reflection1258 Words   |  6 PagesShahidullah Soc 205-09 11 Dec 2017 Take Home Final When most people think about sociology they generally think of the study of sociology. However, sociology is much deeper than just the study of sociology. It displays a plethora of sub topics such as: crime, deviance, bureaucracy, culture, criminality, socialization, economy, politics, religion, education, social class and many more. Throughout this fall semester this sociology course has taught me things that I could never imagine. To be more specificRead MoreTraditional Approaches Of The Family1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthis take home exam, the addressed questions will be number one, â€Å"Explain traditional approaches to studying the family. How have sociologists evolved in thinking about the family? Discuss the role Engles and Parson played. Give examples of how you believe the study of the family has evolved.† as well as question number four, â€Å"Many of the conversations within this class have discussed the different types of family and parenting. Discuss the major i ssues in parenting and the different styles. You mayRead MoreNursing Pyramid644 Words   |  3 Pagescomponents interact, Courses already taken, biology, math, chemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, anatomy Here we use knowledge to some complex patient care issues Other main component is social sciences-psychology, sociology, economics, finance, adult learning theories Discuss how knowledge of basic physical and social science impact nursing decisions and intervention. Consider how your knowledge of theories affect your assessment and decisions about patient care in your practice setting NextRead MoreGramsciS Approach To Ideology Proposes That Oppressed1544 Words   |  7 Pagesclass work extremely long labour hours and do not have the opportunity to discuss their oppositional views with a group. Yet, Gramsci’s commentary and introduction to hegemony are particularly pertinent to the development of Marxist ideology as hegemony delivers a way of comprehending the circumstances in which informal educators function and ability to scrutinise and alter this (Burke, 1999, 2005). Althusser used the concept of ideology to analyse the influence of the ruling class and society’s institutionsRead MoreEssay about Sociology Midterm955 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. Define the sociological perspective or imagination, cite its components, and explain how they were defended by C. Wright Mills. The sociological imagination is defined as being a way of thinking that helps us use information or data to form theories about the social patterns around us. We collect information and from that information we may make judgments or prediction. However we cannot view society in one’s own point of view. Everyone is different so it is important to not only form our ownRead MoreEconomy and State: A Sociological Perspective724 Words   |  3 PagesSociological Perspective, written by Nina Bandelj and Elizabeth Sowers, explains the economic foundation of the state by discussing the governance of property and money, in correlation to labor and firms, ending in economic development and internationalization/globalization. Bandelj and Sowers’, target audiences for this book seemed to be intended for those individuals wanting to learn the basics of economics from an economic sociology perspective allowing readers to broaden their minds, while drawingRead MoreCritical Theory, Fu nctionalism And Symbolic Interactionism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn sociology, there are three major theories; critical theory, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These theories express the structure of society in which each theory looks at a different aspects of sociology. Sociologists apply these theories in the study of society, but it becomes difficult if only one theory is applied. For that one applied theory, would only look at the aspect to which it is confined to. To successfully study sociology all three theories must be applied together. Critical

Our Difficult Journey Towards Universal Suffrage - 958 Words

Our difficult journey towards universal suffrage As the text book defines it, franchise or suffrage is the right to vote. In the United States, it took many years to gain universal suffrage, or the ability of all citizens to have the right to vote. In the late 1700’s only about 5% of Americans were eligible to vote (wealthy, white, males of certain religious affiliations). By the early 1800’s, the properly ownership and religion requirements were dropped allowing most white males to vote. Even though the 14th amendment gave citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the country, the first real legislation towards giving men of color the right to vote was the 15th amendment. The amendment ratified in 1870 stated that the â€Å"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude [library of congress, 1]. Technically speaking, this federal legislation should have been given the blacks the right to vote regardless of their status. However, this was not popular with the white establishment in the southern states in particular, as they quickly found loopholes and other techniques until 1965 to effectively block the votes from being cast. Although this was meant to affect the black population for the most part, these techniques affected the whites who were poor as well. Among others, the most common ways to disenfranchise were the use of violence, pollShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans: Past, Present, and Future1976 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing put down for having a darker skin tone than â€Å"the man†. Although things of this sort occurred, it never brought an end to hope, and now the horrific past has become a promising future. Slavery was one of the first mishaps to occur in our American history. Slavery is defined as the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship, whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, or fortune. Abraham Lincoln, one of America’s strongest leadersRead MoreEconomics Of Latin Americ Costa Rica3079 Words   |  13 Pagestheir presidents to change the way the country works. Jose Figueres was probably the most impactful on Costa Rica in terms of making it easier for the state intervene in the economy. Costa Rica has gone through much change throughout its existence in our history. An estimated 400,000 Indians inhabited the land when Christopher Columbus explored its country in 1502 (Anywhere Costa Rica, n.d.). However, initial attempts at colonizing in the 16th century proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factorsRead More Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Escape From an Oppressive Society6239 Words   |  25 PagesSociety America... land of the free and home of the brave; the utopian society which every European citizen desired to be a part of in the 18th and 19th centuries. The revolutionary ideas of The Age of Enlightenment such as democracy and universal male suffrage were finally becoming a reality to the philosophers and scholars that so elegantly dreamt of them. America was a playground for the ideas of these enlightened men. To Europeans, and the world for that matter, America had become a kind ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesJean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of theRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pagesforward in these essays do not necessarily reflect the personal opinions of the author. vi To the Teacher THE CONVERSATION LESSON In most advanced English courses, time is usually set aside for conversation lessons. These can be the most difficult and most unrewarding of all the lessons the teacher is called upon to conduct. The root of the trouble is that the teacher cannot predict the course ofeach lesson. He sets a topic and then attempts to stimulate a class discussion by asking questionsRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagessquaw wife of the interpreter, they immediately all came out and appeared to assume new life, at the sight of this Indian woman. This confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter [from the expedition journal of Meriwether Lewis] â€Å"Everything she did on that journey, she did for her people.† Summary: Sacajawea is a mysterious and almost-mythical female figure in American history. Though there are few records of her lifeRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesin a variety of symbols, and of collective ritual activities, which initiate and conï ¬ rm individuals in the principles of Rastafari. With regard to the rapprochement between Rastafari and the rest of the society, the attitudes of the wider society toward Rastas have gone through several phases, from outright repression, to efforts of accommodation, to the cooptation of Rasta symbols and music by political campaigns of the 1970s, to the â€Å"coronation† of Bob Marley as a culture hero in the late 1970sRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEconomy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 4 THE POWER OF MANAGEMENT CAPITAL THE DEMANDS OF SUSTAINING PROFITABLE GROWTH IN A BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE FAST DEVOUR THE SLOW Our work in helping to increase the profitability of many of the world’s major companies (as well as our database surveys of many other companies) has made it clear that all this complexity has been changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy and the meaning of its implementation. These changes

Great Economic Recession Or Depression †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Great Economic Recession Or Depression? Answer: Introduction: As the economy interprets, a downturn in economic activity is a position of the business cycle that shows downward trend in all of its activity and slowly enters into recession. Longer continuation of recession gives birth to great economic recession or depression. In the history of the world economic crisis, the great depression marks out its huge importance due to the impression it had enunciated. It was longest depression to sustain and had even longer impact on the entire world affecting mostly developed nation of the world (Ayerbe et al. 2012). This report presents a brief summary of the facts regarding the great depression discussing the causes, effects it had and the measures taken to deal with the impact emanating from the recession. Discussion: Time, Place Type: The exact inception and duration of the depression is controversial but accounting to the general record, the great depression started in the year 1929 and continued till 1939 and some sources says it lasted until 1941 (Hansen 2015). The deepest and worldwide impact of the great depression in the 20th century is one of the striking example of extent of economic decline in the history of western industrialized world. The inception of the depression lies in the stock market crash arising in United States of America in October 1929. The stock prices faced a steep decline in its prices and generated the crash of overall stock market that devastated the atmosphere in the Wall Street. This led to withdrawal of the investments made on stocks from the and wiped out the existence of millions of investors. The depression demanded back the loans made by US and this affected the countries taking loan from it (Brunner 2012). Moreover, the crash led to halt in the business affecting export, import that further hurt the economy of the trading countries. Canada, Australia having higher impacts compared to China, France having nor or less impact. Causes: Stock Market Crash: Leading cause behind great depression was the US stock market crash of 1929 that is treated as the inception point of the widest crisis in the history of financial crises (Tindall and Shi 2016). The crash appeared in October had resulted into loss of faith and credibility from the investors side which led to drawing back of their investment that led to demise of the stock market completely. Failure Of Banks: Another dreadful reason behind such severe economic collapse was the failure of bank. As per data, over 9000 banks failed in its operation. The uninsured savings deposited with banks hit consumers strongly reducing their wealth and affecting the consumer expenditure (Mian and Sufi 2015). The banks who managed to survive fell victim of the uncertain economic condition hence stopped credit provisions. Lower Purchasing Power As a result of the bank failure and stock price fall, the overall economic activity in form of consumption, investment expenditure fell due to lack in demand and production halted giving birth to the recession. The crisis reduced wealth of the consumers that affected consumption decision. The uncertain price and interest rate stemming from volatile and crashed stock market hit the credibility of investors that led to fall I the investment drastically. This led to fall in the national output, which further interprets, into huge unemployment reaching a level of 25% and lower income of individual purchasing power. American Economic Policy with Europe: In the context of falling business, the American government imposed Smoot-Hawley tariff in 1930 to provide protection to the American business organization (Stuckler et al. 2016) . This increased the cost of trade as the importers had to pay greater import tax and consequent fall in the import. This affected the economy of European and other foreign exporter to America operated through worsening of world trade. Drought Conditions: Even though not direct cause of the depression yet the drought that broke out in Mississippi Valley during 1930, led to failure in the tax payments of the debtor farmers. They had to sell their lands for no profit and this affected the agricultural production as well as the income level of the farmers leading to further cut in the consumption. Overall Impact: The post World War I, worldwide devastation American economy emerged as one of the greatest creditor to the war trodden European countries. Germany was the greatly indebted to US for the post war payments it had. The slump of the American economy had greater spillover impact on the countries connected to it through credits or economic transaction. The investment flow towards Europe stopped leading to collapse (Hoover 2013). The great recession had interlinked impact on the economies of the world sourced from US share market fall. The event chain wise brought down the output, income, employment over the years with no sign of improvement. Since Britain and Germany was mostly indebted to US, unemployment in those countries sharply reached to 25 percent f the total workforce. The impact of the depression is reflected in the fact that the world gross domestic output fell by 15%. The severe great depression evidently collapsed the volume of world trade. Increased import tariff made imports costlier affecting world exporters. The industrial production of the countries like Germany fell to 40%, France t29% and Britain to 14% in 1931 in contrast with 1929. This clearly depicts the world entering into global crisis making the depression more painful. The negative impact of the depression lasted until 1941 affecting not only the economic scenario but also the social, political stability all over the world. Policy Measure: The greatest impact of the crisis was falling demand that further held back the production and generated low incomes, which led to low demand made. The economy was in negative trap and required a big push to get out of it. As perceived and analyzed by various economist by then, increasing demand was the greatest motive to introduce or initiate recovery worldwide. This required successful adoption of fiscal and monetary policy by the central banks and governments of the countries all over the world. To increase demand income level had to rise and that was possible only by producing more. In such situation, producing more required higher investments and government expenditure to create employment (Berton 2012). Lowering interest rate through monetary policies and lowering tax along with increasing spending of the government was common policy adopted by countries wishing to recover the lethal effect of depression. Conclusion The discussion enlightens us successfully about the dreadful impact the great depression had on the economic, political as well as social condition of the world through almost 12 years. The crisis is marked as one of the influential downturn that spilled its effect and cause die down to entire world economy. Even though it took long time but the policy measures boosting the demand side of the economy seemed helpful to initiate recovery in the economy. Refernece Ayerbe, L., Ayis, S., Wolfe, C.D. and Rudd, A.G., 2013. Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(1), pp.14-21 Berton, P., 2012.The Great Depression: 1929-1939. Anchor Canada. Brunner, K. ed., 2012.The great depression revisited(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Hansen, P.H., 2015. Hall of mirrors: the great depression, the great recession, and the usesand Misusesof History.Business History Review,89(3), pp.557-569. Hoover, H., 2013.The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover-The Great Depression, 1929-1941. Read Books Ltd. Mian, A. and Sufi, A., 2015.House of debt: How they (and you) caused the Great Recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press. Stuckler, D., Meissner, C., Fishback, P., Basu, S. and McKee, M., 2012. Banking crises and mortality during the Great Depression: evidence from US urban populations, 19291937.J Epidemiol Community Healthcare,66(5), pp.410-419. Tindall, G.B. and Shi, D.E., 2016.America: A narrative history. WW Norton Company.